Counselor Identity Development

During Internship II (CNL-644B), I experienced continued growth in my counselor identity, clinical confidence, and professional development. This internship helped me strengthen my ability to apply counseling theories, interventions, treatment planning, documentation, and outcome measures in a clinical setting. Through direct client care, supervision, and reflection, I became more aware of my strengths as a developing counselor and the areas where I want to continue growing.

One of my biggest areas of growth was becoming more confident in my clinical decision-making. I learned how to better assess client needs, identify treatment goals, use appropriate interventions, and adjust my approach based on client progress. I also strengthened my use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, trauma-informed care, grounding skills, emotional regulation strategies, and structured clinical documentation.

Supervision played an important role in my development by allowing me to process client concerns, receive feedback, explore ethical considerations, and increase self-awareness. I also learned the importance of professional boundaries, self-care, flexibility, and consultation when working with diverse client needs.

Overall, Internship II strengthened my confidence, competence, and professional identity. This experience reinforced my commitment to ethical, client-centered, culturally responsive, and evidence-based counseling practice.

Class Syllabi:syllabus_cnl-664b-p500-20260305.pdf

Psychological Fitness

Reflection

This assignment deepened my understanding of ethical counseling and the importance of maintaining professional boundaries with clients, colleagues, and supervisors. I reflected on challenges such as dual relationships, multidisciplinary collaboration, and addressing unethical behavior. Writing this paper reinforced the value of ethical decision-making models and supervision in building professional competence. As a counselor-in-training, I considered how my personal values intersect with my professional responsibilities. I learned that ethical practice requires ongoing reflection, consultation, and a commitment to growth. Understanding ethical boundaries will guide my future work and help me provide safe, competent, and ethical care to clients.

Quote

“The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.” — Carl Rogers.

Professional and Ethical Standards

  • ACA Code of Ethics:
    • C.2.g – Impairment: Counselors monitor their personal functioning and seek assistance when personal issues may interfere with effective and ethical practice. This standard emphasizes the importance of counselor wellness, self-awareness, and responsibility to protect client welfare (ACA, 2014).
  • CACREP Standards:
    • 2..F.1.k – Professional Roles and Relationships: Understanding professional roles, functions, and relationships with other human service providers to support ethical and collaborative client care (CACREP, 2016).
    • 2.F.1.l – Self-Care Strategies: Developing self-care strategies appropriate to the counselor role in order to maintain personal wellness, professional effectiveness, and ethical practice (CACREP, 2016).

Class Syllabi:cnl-505 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

    Cultural Diversity

    Reflection

    As a counselor-in-training, I strive to honor and embrace cultural diversity by approaching each client with humility and respect for their unique experiences, beliefs, and values. I prioritize creating a safe, nonjudgmental environment where clients feel seen, heard, and valued within their cultural context. I adjust my approach to meet each client’s needs and remain aware of how their background and experiences shape their concerns, coping, and family relationships. Through my internship, I have worked with diverse populations across age groups, socioeconomic backgrounds, and family systems, strengthening my ability to remain flexible, responsive, and grounded in culturally appropriate care.

    I also support clients by acknowledging and validating their experiences of discrimination or marginalization, and by helping them build on their strengths in ways that honor their cultural background. I continue to seek training and supervision to improve my multicultural skills and ensure I provide fair and inclusive care. Through ongoing learning, self-reflection, and supervision, I am building my ability to recognize and address oppression, discrimination, and prejudice in my work. I understand that cultural humility is an ongoing process, and I am committed to continuing to grow and provide culturally responsive and ethical counseling.

    Quote

    “No culture can live if it attempts to be exclusive.” — Mahatma Gandhi

    Professional and Ethical Standards

    • ACA Code of Ethics:
      • A.4.b – Personal Values: Counselors avoid imposing their own values on clients and instead honor clients’ cultural beliefs, identities, and perspectives. This standard supports culturally respectful and client-centered counseling practice (ACA, 2014).
      • A.11.b – Multicultural/Diversity Competence: Counselors seek ongoing education, supervision, and training to enhance multicultural counseling competence. This standard emphasizes the importance of continued growth when working with diverse populations (ACA, 2014).
      • E.8 – Multicultural Issues/Diversity in Assessment: Counselors remain mindful of cultural factors when selecting, interpreting, and discussing assessment tools to ensure fairness, accuracy, and cultural responsiveness (ACA, 2014).
    • CACREP Standards:
      • 2.F.2.d – Heritage, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Acculturative Experiences: Understanding how heritage, attitudes, beliefs, and acculturative experiences influence clients’ identities, worldviews, and counseling needs (CACREP, 2016).
      • 2.F.2.e – Power, Privilege, and Oppression: Recognizing the effects of power, privilege, oppression, discrimination, and social justice issues on clients and the counseling relationship (CACREP, 2016).
      • 2.F.2.h – Culturally Responsive Strategies: Developing culturally responsive strategies for working effectively with diverse populations in counseling practice (CACREP, 2016).

    Class Syllabi:cnl-509 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

    Genuineness

    Reflection

    As a Counselor-in-Training (CIT), genuineness is shown by aligning personal values, professional responsibilities, and behavior across academic, clinical, and supervisory settings. In clinical work, this means maintaining honesty in all counseling tasks, such as accurate documentation, transparent communication, and ethical decision-making. Modeling trustworthiness, fairness, and truthfulness helps build a strong therapeutic alliance, as clients are more likely to engage when they perceive authenticity. Genuineness also requires consistency between words and actions, demonstrated through empathy, respect, and nonjudgment in both verbal and nonverbal communication. When internal reactions or biases arise, self-reflection is essential to recognize and address any incongruence, ensuring professional standards are upheld. Supervision further strengthens genuineness by offering opportunities to process experiences, receive feedback, and align beliefs with ethical practice. Genuineness is an ongoing process that requires awareness, honesty, and a commitment to growth. This includes acknowledging limitations, seeking clarification, and striving to improve where personal values and professional expectations may differ. Ultimately, demonstrating genuineness supports ethical, client-centered care and fosters trust and authenticity within the counseling relationship.

    Quote

    “The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are.” - Carl Jung

    Professional and Ethical Standards

    • ACA Code of Ethics:
      • A.1.a – Primary Responsibility: Counselors’ primary responsibility is to promote the welfare of clients. This standard emphasizes ethical decision-making, client safety, and the counselor’s responsibility to prioritize client well-being (ACA, 2014).
      • A.4.b – Personal Values: Counselors are aware of their own values and avoid imposing them on clients. This standard supports respectful, client-centered care that honors the client’s beliefs, experiences, and autonomy (ACA, 2014).
    • CACREP Standards:
    • 2.F.5.f – Counselor Characteristics and Behaviors: Understanding counselor characteristics and behaviors that influence the helping process, including empathy, genuineness, self-awareness, and professionalism (CACREP, 2016).
    • 2.F.2.h – Self-Awareness, Cultural Humility, and Ethical Practice: Applying strategies that support self-awareness, cultural humility, and ethical counseling practice when working with diverse clients and communities (CACREP, 2016).

    Class Syllabi:cnl-515 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

    Flexibility

    Reflection 

    Throughout my development as a Counselor-in-Training (CIT), I have strengthened my understanding of flexibility as an essential component of ethical and effective counseling practice. Flexibility involves maintaining an open mind, adapting to changing circumstances, and being willing to shift perspectives when working with clients from diverse backgrounds and experiences. In both academic and clinical settings, I have learned that counseling is rarely linear and that effective care often requires openness to ambiguity and the ability to adjust interventions based on client needs, cultural context, and evolving therapeutic goals. This growth has helped me recognize that there is not always one correct approach, but rather multiple perspectives and pathways that may support client growth and well-being.

    In clinical work, I demonstrate flexibility by adapting communication styles, interventions, and treatment planning to better meet clients where they are emotionally, developmentally, and culturally. When faced with challenging situations, I work to identify innovative and client-centered solutions rather than relying solely on rigid expectations or predetermined outcomes. I have also become more intentional about seeking diverse cultural experiences and about remaining open to learning from clients whose values, beliefs, or life experiences differ from my own. This process has increased my awareness of the importance of cultural humility and has strengthened my ability to remain open to shifting perspectives within the counseling relationship.

    Additionally, supervision and self-reflection have played a significant role in developing flexibility. Through supervision, I have learned to embrace feedback, tolerate uncertainty, and recognize how my own assumptions may influence my perspective. This ongoing process has reinforced the importance of adaptability, openness, and collaboration in counseling practice. Overall, my growth in flexibility is reflected in my increased ability to approach situations with curiosity, responsiveness, and respect for multiple perspectives while maintaining ethical and professional standards.

     

    Quote

    “The softest things in the world overcome the hardest things in the world.” — Lao Tzu

    Professional and Ethical Standards

    • ACA Code of Ethics:
      • C.7.b – Continuing Professional Development: Counselors continuously develop their knowledge and skills to remain competent in their professional practice. This standard emphasizes lifelong learning, supervision, consultation, and continued professional growth (ACA, 2014).
      • C.2.f – Continuing Education: Counselors practice within their boundaries of competence while continuing to build knowledge and adapt to client needs. This standard supports ethical and effective counseling practice (ACA, 2014).
    • CACREP Standards:
      • 2.F.1.k – Professional Roles and Collaboration: Understanding professional roles and collaboration with other helping professionals to support coordinated, ethical, and effective client care (CACREP, 2016).

    Class Syllabi:cnl-523 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

    Self-Awareness

    Reflection

    Self-awareness has been a key part of my growth as a counselor-in-training, especially as I continue to develop skills such as SOLER, active listening, empathetic listening, probing, and summarizing. Through both coursework and my clinical experience, I’ve learned that being an effective counselor is not just about using the right techniques, but about being present, genuine, and aware of how my own thoughts and emotions show up in session. I work to stay authentic by regularly reflecting through journaling, supervision, and consultation. This has helped me become more aware of how my values, experiences, and emotional reactions can influence my work with clients. I pay attention to my body language, tone, and overall presence to ensure I’m genuine and consistent. Over time, I’ve noticed growth in my ability to sit with clients’ emotions without feeling the need to fix things right away, which has helped me feel more confident and grounded in sessions.

    When it comes to bracketing my personal beliefs, I’ve learned how important it is to stay client-centered. If I notice a strong reaction or judgment, I pause and refocus on understanding the client’s perspective rather than my own. I use curiosity, open-ended questions, and empathy to create a space where clients feel heard and respected. Supervision has been especially helpful in identifying biases and working through moments of countertransference so they don’t impact the therapeutic process. This growth connects to the ACA Code of Ethics and CACREP standards, reminding me to prioritize client welfare and continue developing my skills. Moving forward, I plan to keep building my self-awareness so I can show up fully for my clients and provide thoughtful, ethical care.

    Quote

     "Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom." — Aristotle

    Professional and Ethical Standards

    • ACA Code of Ethics:
      • B.1.a – Primary Responsibility: Counselors respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients. This standard emphasizes the importance of protecting client rights, maintaining respect, and prioritizing client well-being (ACA, 2014).
      • C.2.a – Boundaries of Competence: Counselors practice within the boundaries of their competence and engage in ongoing professional development. This standard supports ethical practice, counselor accountability, and client protection (ACA, 2014).
    • CACREP Standards:
      • 2.F.5.d – Therapeutic Relationship: Understanding the counseling process, including establishing and maintaining effective therapeutic relationships with clients (CACREP, 2016).
      • 2.F.1.l – Self-Care and Counselor Wellness: Developing self-care strategies and self-awareness to maintain counselor wellness, professional effectiveness, and ethical practice (CACREP, 2016).

    Class Syllabi:cnl-515 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

    Patience

    Reflection

    The artifact I selected for this disposition is my Group Design, Selection, and Screening assignment from CNL-520. This artifact shows my ongoing development in the dispositional value of patience as a counselor-in-training (CIT). While designing an addiction recovery counseling group, I recognized the importance of respecting client autonomy. I also valued fostering emotional safety and maintaining a calm, supportive presence. Patience is essential when working with individuals experiencing addiction. Recovery is not linear, and clients often change at different paces. This assignment helped me see the importance of allowing clients space to explore their experiences and motivations. I learned that clients need time to be ready for change, without feeling pressure or judgment.

    As I develop as a CIT, I am more intentional about openness and engagement. I show this through active listening, supportive body language, and emotional presence. My internship experiences taught me that clients need time to process emotions, build trust, and develop insight. I also learned to respect personal boundaries while encouraging self-exploration and self-acceptance. Patience helps me stay calm during emotionally intense conversations. It lets me maintain a grounded therapeutic environment where clients feel heard and respected. This growth aligns with my desire to create a counseling relationship built on empathy, trust, and emotional safety.

    This artifact also made me reflect on where I still need growth. Sometimes, I want to move clients toward progress too quickly, especially when I notice unhealthy patterns or risks. Still, I am learning that counseling requires flexibility and trust in the client’s process. Moving forward, I want to strengthen my patience during uncertainty and avoid rushing therapeutic growth. This experience reinforced the importance of patience. It is both a professional disposition and a therapeutic skill that supports ethical, culturally responsive, and client-centered counseling relationships.

    Quote

    “Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.” — Aristotle

    Professional and Ethical Standards

    • ACA Code of Ethics:
      • A.2.c – Developmental and Cultural Sensitivity: Counselors respect client autonomy by supporting clients’ right to make informed decisions regarding their counseling goals and treatment. This standard emphasizes collaboration, informed choice, and respect for the client’s developmental and cultural context (ACA, 2014).
      • A.4.b – Personal Values: Counselors avoid imposing their personal values and instead respect the diverse beliefs, experiences, and identities of clients. This standard supports ethical, culturally responsive, and nonjudgmental counseling practice (ACA, 2014).
    • CACREP Standards:
      • 2.F.2.g – Resilience and Development: Understanding strategies that promote resilience, wellness, and optimal development across the lifespan (CACREP, 2016).
      • 2.F.3.e – Life Transitions, Crisis, and Trauma: Understanding the impact of life transitions, crises, and trauma on individual development, functioning, and behavior (CACREP, 2016).
      • 2.F.3.h – Systemic and Environmental Factors: Understanding systemic and environmental factors that affect human development, functioning, and behavior (CACREP, 2016).

      Class Syllabi: cnl-520 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

      Link to assignment with speaker notes: group addiction recovery.pptx

      Empathy

      Reflection

      As a Counselor-in-Training, I demonstrate empathy by consistently maintaining a client-centered, nonjudgmental, reflective approach in clinical and professional settings. I create a safe, inclusive therapeutic environment where clients feel heard, respected, and understood. I avoid imposing values and recognize that each client’s beliefs and decisions are shaped by their unique background. I support their autonomy and build a strong therapeutic alliance through validation, active listening, and genuine presence. Maintaining professional boundaries is an important way to demonstrate empathy. I balance compassion with ethical responsibility by ensuring that interactions remain appropriate and within my scope of practice. Additionally, I engage in ongoing self-reflection to better understand my own thoughts, reactions, and potential biases that may influence the counseling process. This reflective practice allows me to remain aware of how my perspectives may impact my work and supports my ability to respond to clients with openness and cultural humility. I also demonstrate empathy through consistent participation in supervision and a commitment to ongoing training. Supervision provides an opportunity to process clinical experiences, seek feedback, and strengthen my understanding of client needs. Through these experiences, I continue to grow in my ability to provide empathetic, ethical, and effective care. Overall, my practice reflects a commitment to understanding clients’ lived experiences while promoting dignity, respect, and meaningful therapeutic connections.

      Quote

      “Empathy is seeing with the eyes of another, listening with the ears of another, and feeling with the heart of another.” -Alfred Adler.

      Professional and Ethical Standards

      • ACA Code of Ethics:
        • A.2.c – Client Autonomy: Counselors respect client autonomy and consider the client’s developmental level when supporting informed decision-making in counseling (ACA, 2014).
        • A.4.a – Avoiding Harm: Counselors act to avoid harm and promote client welfare. This standard emphasizes ethical responsibility, safety, and careful clinical decision-making (ACA, 2014).
      • CACREP Standards:
        • 2.F.2.g – Multicultural Awareness and Competence: Understanding multicultural and pluralistic characteristics within and among diverse groups nationally and internationally (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.2.h – Culturally Appropriate Interventions: Applying strategies for identifying and using culturally appropriate counseling interventions with diverse clients (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.3.f – Systems and Relationships: Understanding how systems, relationships, and environmental factors impact clients’ development, functioning, and counseling needs (CACREP, 2016).

      Class Syllabi: cnl-518 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

      Amiability

      Reflection

      Throughout my development as a Counselor-in-Training (CIT), I have strengthened my understanding of amiability as an essential component of ethical and effective counseling practice. In completing the Biopsychosocial Assessment (CNL-605), I learned the importance of approaching clients with humility, compassion, and unconditional positive regard, regardless of differing beliefs, backgrounds, or presenting concerns. This assignment reinforced the value of creating a calm, supportive, and respectful environment where clients feel safe sharing sensitive personal information. Through the assessment process, I became more aware of how empathy, active listening, and professional communication contribute to building trust and supporting the therapeutic relationship.

      Additionally, this experience highlighted the importance of remaining composed and professional in challenging or frustrating situations. I developed a stronger understanding of the roles of treatment planning, accurate clinical documentation, and emergency protocols in maintaining client safety and ethical care. Engaging in supervision, training, and self-reflection has helped me improve my communication skills and recognize areas for continued growth. I have also learned the importance of self-care and emotional regulation in maintaining my calmness and effectiveness in clinical settings. Overall, my growth in amiability is reflected in my ability to respond to clients and challenging situations with patience, professionalism, and compassion while maintaining ethical and clinical responsibilities.

      Quote

      “Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle.” — Plato

      Professional and Ethical Standards

      • ACA Code of Ethics:
        • A.1.c – Counseling Plans: Counselors work collaboratively with clients to develop treatment goals and plans that are consistent with the client’s needs, values, and circumstances. This standard emphasizes client autonomy, ongoing communication, and individualized care throughout the counseling process (ACA, 2014).
        • A.4.b – Personal Values: Counselors are aware of their own beliefs, values, and attitudes and avoid imposing them on clients. This standard supports maintaining unconditional positive regard and ensuring that counseling remains client-centered and nonjudgmental (ACA, 2014).
      • CACREP Standards:
        • 2.F.2.b – Multicultural and Pluralistic Characteristics: Understanding how diverse cultural identities and experiences influence client worldviews, relationships, and counseling needs (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.2.d – The Role of Self-Awareness: Developing awareness of personal attitudes, beliefs, and biases that may impact the counseling relationship and clinical decision-making (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.2.g – Multicultural Counseling Competencies: Applying culturally responsive counseling strategies and interventions that promote respect, inclusion, and effective care for diverse populations (CACREP, 2016).

      Class Syllabi:cnl-605 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

      Acceptance

      Reflection

      As a counselor-in-training, I practice acceptance across multiple contexts by intentionally maintaining a nonjudgmental, reflective, and client-centered approach in both clinical and professional settings. In my clinical work, I demonstrate acceptance by honoring clients' and their families' decision-making processes, even when their choices differ from my clinical perspective. Rather than imposing my own values, I strive to remain curious, supportive, and respectful of each client’s unique experiences, cultural background, and readiness for change. I also practice acceptance through consistent participation in supervision and consultation. Engaging in supervision allows me to reflect on my thoughts, emotional responses, and potential biases, while consultation provides additional perspectives that enhance my understanding of complex cases. In these settings, I actively seek clarification when needed, recognizing that asking questions supports both my professional growth and the quality of care I provide. Additionally, I demonstrate acceptance by prioritizing the use of clinically relevant data to inform treatment planning. Utilizing standardized assessments and client-reported information helps ensure that my clinical decisions are based on evidence rather than assumptions. This approach supports ethical practice and promotes equitable care for diverse populations. Finally, I practice acceptance by understanding my role and limitations within various professional relationships. I remain mindful of my scope of practice and the importance of appropriate boundaries, while continuing to seek growth through feedback and experience. Across all contexts, my commitment to acceptance is reflected in my openness, self-awareness, and dedication to providing respectful, client-centered care.

      Quote

      “Make the best use of what is in your power, and take the rest as it happens.” -Epictetus

      Professional and Ethical Standards

      • ACA Code of Ethics:
        • A.4.a – Avoiding Harm: Practicing nonjudgmental acceptance supports the development of a safe therapeutic environment and helps prevent harm within the counseling relationship (ACA, 2014).
        • A.4.b – Personal Values: Counselors actively monitor and manage personal values to avoid imposing them on clients. This standard supports client-centered, respectful, and culturally responsive care (ACA, 2014).
      • CACREP Standards:
        • 2.F.5.f – Counselor Characteristics and Behaviors: Demonstrating counselor characteristics and behaviors that support culturally relevant and effective counseling relationships with diverse populations (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.2.d – Self-Awareness: Developing self-awareness regarding personal attitudes, values, beliefs, and biases that may influence the counseling process (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.3.e – Culture and Helping Relationships: Understanding the impact of culture, development, and life experiences on clients and the helping relationship (CACREP, 2016).

      Class Syllabi: cnl-525 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

      Professional Identity

      Reflection

      As a counselor-in-training, I demonstrate that I am continuously seeking mentorship and supervision by actively participating in supervision, remaining open to feedback, and applying that feedback to improve my clinical and professional skills. Supervision has helped me better understand how to apply ethical standards, use sound judgment, and recognize areas where I need continued growth. I have learned that seeking support and consultation is an important part of protecting client welfare and developing confidence as a future counselor.

      I also demonstrate growth through reflective practice. When I receive feedback from instructors, supervisors, or peers, I use it to evaluate my strengths, identify areas for improvement, and make purposeful changes in my work. In clinical practice, this may include modifying my therapeutic approach based on client needs, supervisor recommendations, cultural considerations, or client progress. This process has helped me become more flexible, intentional, and accountable in my professional development.

      I demonstrate engagement in continuing education by staying open to learning beyond the classroom and recognizing that professional development is an ongoing responsibility. My CNL-540 artifact helped me understand that research is an important part of continuing education because it allows counselors to stay informed about current trends, ethical expectations, and evidence-based practices. As I continue developing my professional identity, I want to stay informed about trauma-informed care, CBT interventions, outcome measures, risk assessment, and culturally responsive counseling.

      Moving forward, I will continue seeking supervision, consultation, training, and professional development opportunities that strengthen my competence and support ethical counseling practice

      Quote:

      “The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction, not a destination.” — Carl Rogers

      Professional and Ethical Standards

      • ACA Code of Ethics:
        • C.1 – Knowledge of and Compliance With Standards: Counselors are responsible for understanding, following, and applying the ACA Code of Ethics and relevant laws in their professional practice. This standard supports ethical awareness, accountability, and responsible decision-making (ACA, 2014).
        • C.2.e – Consultations on Ethical Obligations: Counselors seek supervision or consultation when they are unsure about ethical responsibilities or how to handle a professional concern. This standard emphasizes the importance of ethical reflection and collaboration (ACA, 2014).
        • C.2.f – Continuing Education: Counselors continue learning through trainings, research, supervision, and professional development to maintain competence and stay current in the field (ACA, 2014).
        • C.4.f – Professional Membership: Counselors accurately represent their professional memberships and understand that involvement in professional organizations supports ethical growth, professional identity, and counselor development (ACA, 2014).
      • CACREP Standards:
        • 2.F.1 – Professional Counseling Orientation and Ethical Practice: Counselors-in-training develop an understanding of the counseling profession, ethical practice, professional roles, and professional responsibilities (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.1.f – Professional Counseling Organizations: Counselors-in-training learn about professional counseling organizations, including their purpose, benefits, activities, and role in supporting professional development (CACREP, 2016).
        • 2.F.1.i – Ethical Standards and Legal Considerations: Counselors-in-training learn how to apply ethical standards and legal requirements to counseling practice and professional decision-making (CACREP, 2016).

      Class Syllabi: cnl-540 topics & objectives-xdg.pdf

      Clinical Skills and Theory Development

      Group Facilitation Session and Reflection

      CNL-644 B Counseling Internship II

      Class Syllabi: syllabus_cnl-664b.pdf